法务会计可能不是会计中的一个新领域。然而，它变得如此重要，最近，一直是利益的各种利益相关者，从政府，投资者和从业者的监管机构。公司的失败，就像经常被引用的安然和世通案件将法务会计成为焦点。本研究的目的是提出的从业者的意见，关于法务会计和其目前的发展在马来西亚。本研究的目的，从大中型会计师事务所和监管机构在马来西亚的从业者进行了采访有关的主题和非结构化面试中使用的研究。
关键词：法务会计论文代写、审计和调查论文代写。
简介：
像经常提到的安然和世通案件的最后几年是个警钟，会计专业和有活力在法务会计兴趣的公司财务丑闻。越来越多的政府法规和压力从其他利益相关者敏锐地意识到了企业员工的错误行为和内部控制不完善的后果。公司现在开始比以往任何时候都更加坚定，以确保他们的行动是上述董事会，并没有与非法活动。这导致了一个稳步增长的需求，专业人员培训的艺术检测，纠正和防止欺诈，以及欺骗性的会计做法。
在美国，许多大学开始提供法务会计相关课程时，可以看到法务会计职业的长足发展。此外，许多专业组织和协会正在促进欺诈审查和法务会计。此外，三的前六位服务下降会计法务会计领域内：企业估值，诉讼欺诈（威拉斯基支持、法务/，2003）。到目前为止的作者的知识，只有一个在马来西亚的高等教育机构提供了在研究生水平的法务会计课程。因此，本研究试图寻求从业者的意见，在马来西亚的法务会计职业生涯的发展和未来的前景。
本文的其余部分的结构如下。下一节将解释法务会计的背景。第三部分论述了研究方法论。第四节介绍了研究结果，并在最后一节中得出结论。
INTRODUCTION
Corporate financial scandals like the often cited Enron and WorldCom cases of the last few years is a wake-up call to the accounting profession and has rejuvenated the interest in forensic accounting. Increasing government regulations and pressures from other stakeholders has made businesses acutely aware of the consequences of employees' misdeeds and inadequate internal controls. Companies are now beginning to be more determined than ever to ensure their operations are above board and in no way connected with illegal activities. This resulted in a steadily growing demand for professionals trained in the art of detecting, correcting and preventing fraud as well as deceptive accounting practices.
In the US, the considerable growth of forensic accounting careers can be seen when many universities started offering forensic accounting related courses. Also, many professional organisations and associations are promoting fraud examination and forensic accounting. Further, the three of the top six accounting niche services fall within the forensic accounting area: business valuations, litigation support and forensic/fraud (Covaleski, 2003). To the knowledge of the authors so far, only one institution of higher learning in Malaysia has offered forensic accounting course at the postgraduate level. This study therefore attempts to seek views from practitioners regarding the development and future prospect of forensic accounting career in Malaysia.
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. The next section will explain the background of forensic accounting. The third section discusses the research methodology in the study. The forth section presents the findings and followed by the conclusion in the final section.
BACKGROUND OF FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
History of Forensic Accounting
Forensic accounting is certainly not a new field. Evidences showed that the profession has been in existence a long time ago though during that time the profession was not yet being called forensic accounting. In ancient Egypt, forensic accountants who inventoried the Pharaohs' grain, gold and other assets were called the 'eyes and ears' of the Pharaohs. Another evidence of the existence of forensic accounting can be traced back to the year 1817 when the accountant who examined the bankrupt's account was required to testify in the court case (Crumbly, 2001).
Some sources traced the practice's origin back as far as 19th century Scotland when a young Scottish accountant issued a circular advertising his expert in arbitration support in 1824. In the late 1800's and 1900's articles began to appear discussing expert witnessing, evidence arbitration and awards.
It has been said that the phrase 'forensic accounting' was first published in an article in 1946 by Maurice E. Peloubet, a partner in a New York accounting firm. He stated that, "during the war both the public and industrial accountant have been and now engaged in the practice of forensic accounting" (Peloubet, 1946).
Definition of Forensic Accounting
To date, various definitions have been given to describe forensic accounting. According to Thornhill (1995), the forensic accounting discipline is relatively new that up to now, there has been no formal definition being accepted as the standard.
Webster's Dictionary defined forensic as "pertaining to, connected with, or used in the courts of law or public discussion and debate". Hence, forensic accounting is closely related to the legal process and has the potential to be involved in proceedings in the civil and criminal courts. Forensic accounting provides an accounting analysis to assist in legal matters which will form the basis for discussion, debate and ultimately dispute resolution.
Bologna and Lindquist (1987) provide the definition of forensic accounting as follows:
"Forensic and investigative accounting is the application of financial skills and investigative mentality to unresolved issues, conducted within the context of the rules of evidence. As a discipline, it encompasses financial expertise, fraud knowledge, and a sound knowledge and understanding of business reality and the working of the legal system. Its development has been primarily achieved through on-the job training as well as experience with investigating officers and legal council."
Robert G. Roche, a retired chief of the Inland Revenue Service (IRS) describes a forensic accountant as "someone who can look behind the façade-not accept the records at their face value- someone who has suspicious mind that the documents he or she is looking at may not be what they purport to be and someone who has the expertise to go out and conduct a very detailed interviews of individuals to develop the truth, especially if some are presumed to be lying". Consequently, IRS agents were said to be the early forensic accountants (Crumbley and Apostolou, 2002).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study employs both primary and secondary data which involves the archives research and interviews. Accounting practitioners from the big accounting firms, professional bodies and regulatory bodies in Malaysia were approached to be interviewed either in person or over the phone. Finally, there were 12 respondents that agreed to be interviewed for this study, which consist of directors and senior managers from the big and medium accounting firms and senior executives from Bursa Malaysia, Securities Commissions, Malaysian Institute of Accountants and professional accounting bodies, namely, the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) and the Malaysian Institute of Certified Public Accountants (MICPA). The respondents were assured that their names will be kept anonymous and their answers were their own personal views or opinions and do not represent their organisation. The interviews were unstructured whereby the respondents were asked about the development and future prospect of forensic accounting in Malaysia. Basically, the respondents were asked the following questions.
How do they perceive the development of forensic accounting in Malaysia?
In their opinion, what are the skills needed or minimum requirements to be a forensic accountant?
What do they think of the future prospect of forensic accounting in Malaysia?
FINDINGS
The Development of Forensic Accounting in Malaysia
Based on the interviews, it was found that all respondents were of the opinion that forensic accounting in Malaysia is still in its infancy stage as compared to the developed countries. According to one of the respondents, there seemed to be some misconceptions of forensic accounting among Malaysians that need to be clarified. Most of them assumed that forensic accounting and auditing are the same whereas these two accounting disciplines are different in terms of their objectives and requirements. Auditing is the persistent process engaged by the company to give an opinion on the true and fair view of the financial statements. On the other hand, forensic accounting is aimed at detecting any fraud or irregularities that happen in the company and is carried out on demand by the company. According to the respondents, there are few factors that may affect the current level of forensic accounting development in Malaysia.
Firstly, forensic accounting is seen as an expensive service that only big companies can afford it to detect any irregularities or fraud in their companies. Besides, it will be quite costly if the issues were brought to court and where it involve forensic accountant as an expert witness. Thus, most companies prefer to settle the issue outside the court to avoid the expensive cost and the risk of bad publicity on their corporate image. Secondly, there is no mandatory requirement set by the regulatory authorities on the companies to conduct forensic accounting, even for distress companies. To date there is no specific act or guidelines on forensic accounting practices in Malaysia. On this matter, some of the respondents suggested that Malaysia should have a specific act to govern forensic accountants. They believe that the act will not only govern the forensic accountant but also create awareness to the victims and society as a whole.
The respondents also view that money laundering activity is not significant in Malaysia as the cases detected were small. Furthermore, the system already in place by the Central Bank is considered complete and able to detect any money laundering transaction.
Nonetheless, the role of whistleblower is important to divulge the corruption in the organisation. Moreover, forensic accountant needs cooperation from the whistleblower to clarify certain issues. Malaysia's Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi who has frequently asked the public to help in the fight against graft, believed that corruption can only be fought if many people are charged in court but before punitive action can be taken, wrongdoings must be reported and properly investigated (The Star, June 24, 2006). However, the fact is few people will blow the whistle if they believe that by doing so will put them in a spot.
According to the respondents, the lack of whistleblower protection might be a factor that dissuades people from coming forward to highlight illegal or unethical acts within their organisations. Even though there are efforts taken by Securities Commission (SC) and Central Bank of Malaysia to encourage internal and external whistleblowers to disclose wrongdoings, most of the respondents opine that there is still no laws enacted to protect whistleblowers against retaliation. They believe new legislation will help to create open working environments where individuals can raise concerns without fear of recrimination.
Skills and Minimum Requirements needed by Forensic Accountant
As regards to the skills needed by forensic accountant, all the respondents are of the same opinion that working experience is a crucial factor in determining whether a person can become a forensic accountant in Malaysia. In terms of the number of years of working experience needed to be a good forensic accountant, most of the respondents view that a minimum working experience of 3 years is required. However, all the respondents agreed that fresh graduates are not suitable to be recruited as a forensic accountant. Since a forensic accounting team may consist of lawyers, accountants, computer forensic experts and law enforcers like police and customs officers, the name 'forensic accountant' therefore is not necessarily applicable only to a person who holds an accounting degree. Even so, it is advisable to have experience in external audit and internal audit before one becomes a forensic accountant.
In addition, one should have some basic knowledge on psychology to assist in interrogation of the suspect or witness process. While to be a computer forensic expert, one should have strong information technology background particularly when rapid technological changes are common in today business environment. Besides those criteria, other skills that seems important to be a forensic accountant like knowledge of relevant laws and legal system, communication and interpersonal skills to deal with clients, analytical skills and critical mind, common and logic sense relating to criminal behaviours, interviewing and interrogation skills in identifying potential suspects.
In Malaysia so far, only the MARA University of Technology has offered the Master in Forensic Accounting and Financial Criminology. The programme is embarked in collaboration with the Anti-Corruption Agency of Malaysia (ACA) as an effort to develop expertise in forensic accounting in Malaysia. Other universities either introduce the forensic accounting subject as an elective course or incorporated as a part of syllabus in accounting or auditing course. The professional bodies in Malaysia have yet to introduce a paper in forensic accounting. The forensic accounting practitioners normally become a Certified Fraud Examiner, an accreditation given by Association of Certified Fraud Examiners in United States.
Future Prospect of Forensic Accounting in Malaysia
Currently, the main government agency to fight corruption in Malaysia is the Anti-Corruption Agency of Malaysia (ACA). Another important government agency that involved directly in combating white-collar crimes is the police. It was reported that the Bukit Aman Commercial Crime Division will train more police officers in forensic accounting to handle rising white collar crimes (The Star, November 30, 2004). Further, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in his keynote address during the 4th ADB/OECD Anti- Corruption Initiative for Asia Pacific Conference on 5 December 2003 has emphasized that Malaysia would put a place a National Integrity System to fight corruption. In private sector, the KPMG was the pioneer in the accounting field that established the forensic accounting department in the firm.
According to the respondents, there are good prospects for forensic accounting career in Malaysia. Globalisation, increase of foreign direct investment (FDI) and rapid development in technology are among the factors that will contribute to the demand for forensic accountants. Businesses have become more complex and thus any irregularities or fraud in the transactions is hard to detect by ordinary staff. As a consequence, the auditing processes either by external or internal is insufficient. One should understand that the audit is based on the samples selected and the responsibility of auditor is to express the true and fair view of financial statements. It is important in today's business environment to issue a transparent financial report in order to convince and regain the trust of investors. Thus, forensic accounting is seen as a suitable tool to offer the highest level of assurance and to add credibility to the financial statements.
The Need to Develop Forensic Accounting in Malaysia
Forensic accounting is seen as an important tool that will assist investigators not only to prosecute crimes such as bribery but also other criminal wrongdoings such as fraud, money laundering and other white collar crimes.
The rising white collar crimes can be seen from the cases handled by the Bukit Aman Commercial Crime Division. In 2001, the division received 10,578 cases with losses estimated at RM797.8 million and it was increased to 10, 857 with a loss of RM1.12 billion in 2002. In 2003, the division investigated 11,714 cases involving RM555.8 million in losses. As the commercial crimes are becoming sophisticated and organised, there is a need for the police to upgrade themselves with the latest knowledge to tackle such cases. It is important to note as well that the increasing white collar crimes need to be given special attention not only by the police but also other regulatory or authority bodies like the Inland Revenue Board (IRB) and Central Bank of Malaysia.
CONCLUSION
Forensic accounting has been in existence since ancient times but corporate scandals of late had given the profession rejuvenation. In Malaysia, forensic accounting is still in its infancy stage and most Malaysians seemed to assume that there is no difference between forensic accounting and auditing. From the study, it can be concluded that the slow progress of forensic accounting in Malaysia may be due to two main reasons. Firstly, forensic accounting is seen as an expensive service where only the big companies can afford it. Moreover, it will also be costly if the suspected wrongdoing is brought to court especially if it involve forensic accountant as an expert witness. Secondly, there no mandatory requirement for companies to conduct forensic accounting, even for distress companies. Also, there is need for a specific act or guidelines to govern and regulate forensic accounting practices in Malaysia. Another factor brought to light is the importance of the role of whistleblowers to expose wrongdoings within their organisations. However, the lack of protection for whistleblowers prevents people from coming forward to highlight illegal or unethical acts by companies. Most of the respondents believe that new legislation to protect whistleblowers from retaliation will, help create an open environment where individuals can raise concerns without fear of recrimination.